Friday, January 31, 2020
Black People Essay Example for Free
Black People Essay Tar Baby Toni Morrisonââ¬â¢s novel might for some be a novel of cultural awakening. One also might at their first reading and perhaps also by reading the different studies made on Tar Baby, restricted to an interpretation that sees Jadine, Morrisonââ¬â¢s protagonist, as woman who has, consciously or unconsciously, lost her ââ¬Å"ancient propertiesâ⬠(305) and internalized the values of a white culture. Jadine has totally disconnected herself from her racial identity and cultural heritage. This reading is supported by the fact that Jadine has got her education in Europe with the financial assistance of Valerian Street (her auntââ¬â¢s and uncleââ¬â¢s employer). Paraphrasing Marylyn sanders Mobley ââ¬â the characterization of the protagonist, Jadine, draws attention to a fundamental problem as one that Morrison wants to affirm the self-reliance and freedom of a black woman who makes choices for her own life on her own terms. She also seeks to point out the dangers that can happen to the totally self-reliant if there is no historical connection. While the conflict in Tar Baby is undoubtedly ââ¬Å"between assimilation and cultural nationalism represented by the sealskin coat Ryk has given her and the pie tableâ⬠(Rayson, 94), the limiting categories which Jadine is continually forced into do not come from the white characters but primarily from the black community in which she finds herself because she (Jadine) has embraced white stereotypes along with white culture. While Valerian is portrayed as the traditional master-figure in the novel, it is actually Son, Sydney and Ondine, and the folk past represented by the different women in different places that try to conquer and dominate Jadine, who retain and represent their culture in the very colour of their skin. On the other hand, one could argue that it is as a result of Jadineââ¬â¢s university education in Europe and her career that further draws her away from her culture and identity and therefore (paraphrasing Mobley in Toni Morrison critical perspectives past and present) contributes significantly to the emotional and spiritual uncertainty that plague her as well as the many different roles that are imposed upon her by her aunt and uncle as well as the ââ¬Ësocietyââ¬â¢ that caused her to seek upward social mobility. Sydney and Ondine, Jadineââ¬â¢s uncle and aunt in the novel can be seen as representative of one of the tar pits for Jadine. They do not accept all black people equal in the community in which they live because they employ racial hierarchies. Ondine sees herself as the only woman in the house (209), while Sydney notes more than twice that he is a Philadelphia Negro, ââ¬Å"the proudest people in the raceâ⬠(61). They seem to have a clear vision of what they want for Jadine their niece. As the story progresses, though, it becomes clearer that it is not actually a question of what they want for Jadine but what they want of her or expect her to do. In addition to them wanting Jadine to provide them safety and credit for their race, Ondine admits by the end of the novel, ââ¬Å"maybe I just wanted her to feel sorry for us [ ] and thatââ¬â¢s a lowdown wish if I ever had oneâ⬠(282). Jadine understands that Sydney and Ondine ââ¬Å"had gotten Valerian to pay her tuition while they sent her the restâ⬠(49) and Ondine keeps reminding that she ââ¬Å"would have stood on her feet all day all night to put Jadine through that schoolâ⬠(193). Ondine sees Jadine as her ââ¬Å"crownâ⬠(282), and she and Sydney are continually ââ¬Å"boastingâ⬠(49) about Jadineââ¬â¢s success to the point that Margaret calls Ondine ââ¬Å"Mother Superiorâ⬠(84). In return, they seem to want Jadine to offer them safety for the rest of their lives as Ondine claims that ââ¬Å"Nothing can happen to us as long as sheââ¬â¢s hereâ⬠(102). They are not comfortable with the idea of Jadine marrying Ryk, who is ââ¬Å"white but European which was not as bad as white and Americanâ⬠(48), but they are terrified of her running off with a ââ¬Å"no-count Negroâ⬠(193) like Son. Although their views on racial hierarchies seem to alter from time to time, on the outside they seem to want what is best for Jadine. Jadine refute Ondineââ¬â¢s views of black womanhood when she tells her some of the things that are expected of her from society Jadine tells Ondine that: ââ¬Å"I donââ¬â¢t want to learn how to be the kind of woman youââ¬â¢re talking about because I donââ¬â¢t want to be that kind of womanâ⬠(282). This, according to Rayson (1998), might be interpreted as Jadineââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"rejecting the roles of mother, daughter, and woman to stay the tar babyâ⬠(Rayson, 95), however it marks her becoming aware of what kind of woman she is by the end of the novel. Jadineââ¬Ës inclination toward upward social mobility leads to her separation from the Afro-American roots and the tar quality that Morrison advocates. This kind of flaw in Jadine effectively disqualifies her as a black woman capable of nurturing a family and by large the community. Jadineââ¬Ës perception of an ancestral relationship from which she is estranged occurs when she sees an African woman in a Parisian bakery. When she is celebrating her success as model evidenced in her appearance on the cover of Elle, Jadine becomes nervous or perhaps uncomfortable by the African woman in yellow attire. She triggers an identity crisis in Jadine at the moment when she should have felt more secure with her professional achievement assured by beauty and education. In his African woman, Jadine catches a glimpse of beauty, a womanliness, an innate elegance, a nurturer, an authenticity that she had never known before: ? That womanââ¬Ës woman ââ¬â that mother/sister/she/; that unphotographable beauty? (p. 43). By calling the African woman ? that mother/sister/she,? J. Deswal (online source ââ¬Å"Tar Baby- Shodhganga) claims that ââ¬Å"Morrison presents a threefold definition of womanhood which can thrive within the confines of family and community only. The three eggs she balances effortlessly in her ? tar-black fingers? (p. 44) appear to Jadine as if the woman were boasting of her own easy acceptance of womanhoodâ⬠. Wendy Harding and Jacky Martin in A World of Difference: An Inter-cultural Study of Toni Morrison explain the importance of the African womanââ¬Ës presence as such: ââ¬Å"Whereas Jadine has just been rewarded for her conformity to Western ideals of feminity, the African woman suggests a more powerful version of black womanhood. Like some fertility goddess, she holds in her hand the secret of life. She is the mother of the world in whose black hands whiteness appears as something as easily crushed as cared for (71). When Jadine measures herself by the idea of black womanhood that she sees in the African woman the insecurities of her rootless condition surface in her mind. The women in yellow makes Jadine confront her female role and her sexualityâ⬠. Jadine sees ? something in her eyes so powerful? (p. 42) that she follows the woman out of the store. The writers also claim that ââ¬Å"As a symbol of repudiation of Jadineââ¬Ës westernized lifestyle, the African woman ?looks right at Jadine? (p. 43) and spits on the pavementâ⬠. Jadine hates the woman for her spitting, but what she cannot do is escape feeling ? lonely in a way; lonely and inauthentic? as she tells the readers on page 45. When the sense of self is based on the denial of oneââ¬Ës ethnic roots, one is certain to experience mental chaos and alienation. So, the womanââ¬Ës insult to Jadine had the powerful effect of challenging Jadineââ¬Ës choices: her white boyfriend, her girlfriends in New York, her parties, her picture on the cover of Elle and the way she lived her life. One can say that it is as a result of the African woman that Jadine desided to visit her aunt and uncle on the island. Jadine is confused and even questions her plans to marry Ryk, her white boyfriend: I wonder if the person he wants to marry is me or a black girl? And if it isnââ¬Ët me he wants, but any black girl who looks like me, talks and acts like me, what will happen when he finds out that I hate ear hoops, that I donââ¬Ët have to straighten my hair, that Mingus puts me to sleep, that sometimes I want to get out of my skin and be only the person inside ââ¬â not American ââ¬â not black ââ¬â just me? (p. 45) It is through Son, however, that Morrison offers Jadine the ultimate opportunity to ââ¬Ëredeemââ¬â¢ herself to her heritage, adapt it and revive her womanhood. Son picks up from where the African woman left off in a sense by making Jadine confront her inauthenticity. Jadine and Son enjoys their stay in New York because it is the place where Jadine feels at ease. She feels loved and safe: ? He ââ¬Ëunorphanedââ¬â¢ her completely and gave her a brand-new childhood? (p. 231). In turn, Son is encouraged by her need and by his apparent ability to redefine Jadine culturally and emotionally. Son insists that he and Jadine goes to Eloe his hometown where Jadine will see how Son is rooted in family and cultural heritage. He attempts to rescue Jadine from her ignorance and disdain for her cultural heritage, trying in a sense to mould Jadine into the image of his black female ancestors. Son assumes that a relationship with Jadine will mean that they will have children together. He presses claims for family and community: ? He smiled at the vigour of his own heartbeat at the thought of her having his baby? (p. 220). Thus, he wants Jadine to love the nurturing aspects of home and fraternity. He is fed on dreams of his community women. The dreams of ? yellow houses with white doors? and ? fat black ladies in white dresses minding the pie table? (p. 119) are nourishment to Son. Sandra Pouchet Paquet (The ancestors as foundation in their eyes were watching god and tar baby) observes: ? In Sonââ¬Ës dreams of Eloe, the African-American male ego is restored in a community of black man at the center of a black community. But however appreciative Son is of the beauty, the strength, and the toughness of black women; his vision is of male dominance; of the black women as handmaiden? (511). The image feminity that Son cherishes ââ¬â of the black woman taking passive role as a nurturer of the hearth ââ¬â is flagrantly opposite to Jadineââ¬Ës perception of the modern black woman. This terrifies Jadine and narrows the possibility of their forming a family. The modern, educated black woman seems to snivel at the aspects of traditional female- specific role as the nurturer of hearth and home. Decadent white values and life style thwart the black womanââ¬â¢s vital roles of building families and raising children. The modern black woman cannot be a complete human being, for she allows her education to keep her career separate from her nurturing role. The black woman is increasingly becoming able to define her own status and to be economically independent. She tries to seek equality in her relationship with men. Robert Staples gives an insight into the faltering dynamics of modern couples: ? What was once a viable institution because women were a subservient group has lost its value for some people in these days of womenââ¬Ës liberation. The stability of marriage was contingent on the woman accepting her place in the home and not creating dissension by challenging the maleââ¬Ës prerogatives? (125). The black womanââ¬Ës intrinsic quality of ? accepting her place in the home? is Morrisonââ¬Ës tar quality. However, in advocating the tar quality Morrison does not admonish the educational and professional accomplishments of the black woman. In fact, the black woman is expected to achieve a balance between her roles in the domestic and professional fields. ââ¬Å"It is the historical ability of black women to keep their families and careers together. In an era where both the black male and female seek to fulfill individual desires, relationships falter and, consequently, the prospects of the propagation of a family are not too bright. Jadineââ¬Ës tar quality is submerged by the white-like urge for freedom and self-actualization. As a result, she finds the conventions of black womanhood antithetical to her own value systemâ⬠. At Eloe, Jadine is determined to resist rigid male-female role categorization. Jadine cannot ?understand (or accept) her being shunted off with Ellen and the children while the men grouped on the porch and after a greeting, ignored her? (p. 248). While at Eloe, Jadine is provided with yet another chance to attain certain qualities that is for black women. She is accustomed to living an upper-class white lifestyle so she finds the people of Eloe limited and backward. Their stifling little shacks are more foreign to her than the hotel-like splendor of Valerianââ¬Ës mansion. She stays in Aunt Rosaââ¬Ës house where she feels claustrophobically enclosed in a dark, windowless room. She feels ? she might as well have been in a cave, a grave, the dark womb of the earth, suffocating with the sound of plant life moving, but deprived of its sight? (p. 254). It is in this very room where Jadine and Son were having sex that she had a second awakening vision, which is more frightening than the one she had in Paris about the African Woman. Here, Older, black, fruitful and nurturing women ââ¬â her own dead mother, her Aunt Ondine, Sonââ¬Ës dead wife, the African woman in yellow and other black women of her past ââ¬â become a threatening part of Jadineââ¬Ës dreams: I have breasts too,ââ¬Ë she said or thought or willed, I have breasts too. ââ¬Ë But they didnââ¬Ët believe her. They just held their own higher and pushed their own farther out and looked at her,? (p. 261) and ? the night women were not merely against her not merely looking superior over their sagging breasts and folded stomachs, they seemed somehow in agreement with each other about her, and were all determined to punish her for having neglected her cultural heritage. They wanted to bind the person she had become and choke it with their breasts. The night women?accuse Jadine for trading the ? ancient properties? (p. 308) of being a daughter, mother, and a woman for her upward mobility and self-enhancement. All these women are punishing Jadine for her refusal to define herself in relation to family, historical tradition and culture. As they ââ¬Ëbrandishââ¬â¢ their breasts before her eyes, they mock and insult her with their feminity. Jadine finds these women backward and sees no self-fulfilling value in the roles that they serve. However, she is constantly haunted by dreams of the black female image that she seems to have lost throughout life. Ondine express shame and disappointment over her lack of concern for her family, the African woman, at the Parisian bakery, spits at her in disgust and the night women, in the vision at Eloe taunt her with their nurturing breasts. Having refuted her own black culture and heritage, Jadine face the consequence of a divided consciousness and a mental death. Her decision to end the love affair with Sonââ¬â ? I canââ¬Ët let you hurt me again? (p. 274) is an evidence of her shunning womanhood and losing her Afro- American roots as she chooses Ryk her white boyfriend over Son who refused to become the person or image that Jadine wants him to be . Jadine is compelled to make her choice and she decides that it is in Paris, away from Son, where there are prospects of financial success and personal independence. She doesnââ¬Ët want what Son and Eloe have to offer: To settle for wifely competence when she could be a beauty queen or to settle for fertility rather than originality and nurturing instead of building? (p. 271). Jadine makes it clear to the reader that she is self-sufficient and independent of men, family and community.
Thursday, January 23, 2020
Essay --
Culture is an integral part of every society. Culture is a learned pattern of behavior or ways by which people live their lives or how society behaves. Some characteristics of the culture of people or a society are their music, food, laws, arts, marriage, festivals among others. Ghana is the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain its independence from the British in 1957. It is located in West Africa and it consists of different ethnic groups with different dialects. One such group is the Ga-Adangbe tribe. The Ga-Adangbe tribe constitutes of the Adangbe and the Ga people of Ghana who form one ethnic group known as the Ga-Adangbe tribe. The Ga-Adangbe people inhabit the Accra Plains. The Adangbe people inhabit the eastern part of Accra while the Ga people inhabit the western part of Accra coastlands. The language of both ethnic groups is from a common proto-Ga-Adangbe ancestral language. There is one notable thing about these ethnic groups in Ghana and it is their culture o f festivals. These festivals range from the naming of a child, puberty rites, marriage and funerals among other things. One of these beautiful festivals that this paper seeks to discuss is puberty rites. The Ashanti tribe who hail from the Ashante Region of Ghana and the Adangbe tribe who hail from Eastern Region of Ghana celebrate this beautiful festival called puberty rites. The Ashanti tribe of Ghana calls this festival or puberty rite ââ¬Å"Bragoroâ⬠while the Adangbe people from the Eastern part of Ghana call it ââ¬Å"Dipo.â⬠My focus in this paper is how the Adangbe tribe celebrates the Dipo rite in Ghana. ââ¬Å"No other ritual, in the life of a female Krobo, is of greater importance than ââ¬â or equal to ââ¬â the dipo.â⬠Hugo Huber, 1963 The Manya and the Yilo Krob... ...his study will therefore contribute to knowledge in these areas and possibly give ideas for future studies on the subject of the Dip custom. From the foregoing, Dipo is a festival of the Manya and Yilo Krobo tribe to celebrate the puberty of adolescent girls, encourage them to preserve their chastity and to prepare them for marriage. The girls learn lessons on womanhood in preparation leading up to the festival. The Dipo festival has gone through some modification due to some factors such as abuse of human rights. For example, the Krobo people believe that children that are born before their mothers undergo the Dipo rite are cursed. So currently, children under the age of ten years undergo Dipo and not the adolescent girls to afford them to avoid having cursed children, as is their conviction and to avoid exposing their breast to the public during the ceremony.
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
Ethics â⬠Argumentative Essay
1. What is an ââ¬Å"argumentâ⬠in philosophy? A set of claims one of which, called the conclusion, is said to be supported by the other claims, called the premises. 1. Premise 2. Premise 3. Conclusion 2. What do the terms ââ¬Å"validâ⬠and ââ¬Å"soundâ⬠mean? Valid Argument If the premises are true, then it follows necessarily that the conclusion is true, or it is logically impossible for the conclusion to be false. Sound Argument A valid argument that contains only true premises. Soundness = Truth + Validity. 3. Sketch the ââ¬Å"benefits argumentsâ⬠in favor of harvesting Babyââ¬â¢s Theresaââ¬â¢s organs. Set out the premises and conclusion for ââ¬Å"Benefits Argumentâ⬠in the Baby Theresa case. The Benefits Argument 1. If we can benefit someone without harming anyone else, we ought to do so. 2. Transplanting the organs would benefit the other children without harming Baby Theresa. 3. Therefore, we ought to transplant her organs. The Argument That We should Not Use People As Means 1. If we use someone only as a means, we do something that is morally wrong. 2. Taking Theresaââ¬â¢s organs would be using her only as a meas to benefit other children. 3. There fore, it would be morally wrong to take Theresaââ¬â¢s organs. 4. Sketch the ââ¬Å"we should not use people as meansâ⬠argument against harvesting Baby Theresaââ¬â¢s organs. Set out the premises and conclusion for ââ¬Å"The Wrongfulness of Killing Argumentâ⬠in the Baby Theresa case. The Argument From the Wrongfulness of Killing 1. If we harvested Theresaââ¬â¢s organs, then we would be killing one innocent person to save another. 2. We should not kill one innocent person to save another. 3. Therefore, if we should not harvest Theresaââ¬â¢s organs. Rachelââ¬â¢s Assessment *The prohibition against killing is strong, but most people do not think it absolute. Baby Theresa is (1) going to die soon anyway, (2) not conscious, and (3) her organs could help save several other children. Rachels states that we might even regard Baby Theresa as ââ¬Å"born deadâ⬠. 5. Sketch the ââ¬Å"Slippery Slope Argumentâ⬠against killing Tracy Latimer. If one bad thing happens then others will follow after. 1. If we permit any sort of mercy killing, we will have stepped onto a dangerous ââ¬Å"slippery slopeâ⬠down which we will inevitably slide. 2. The mercy killing of Tracy was permissible. 3. Hence, we have stepped onto a dangerous slippery slope (which will lead to the view that all life is cheap). Objection: Are the causal claims supported by any evidence? In general, it is easy to make dire predictions concerning the future. Consider an analogy: Would gay marriage lead to the disintegration of the family? 6. What does Rachelsââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"minimum conception of moralityâ⬠consist of? Morality is, at the very least, the effort to guide oneââ¬â¢s conduct by reason-while giving equal weight to the interests of each individual affected by oneââ¬â¢s decision. Reason and impartiality consist stuff 7. What are five common features of Cultural Relativism? 1. Different societies have different moral codes. 2. (a) The ââ¬Å"goodâ⬠is determined by society; (b) an act is ââ¬Å"rightâ⬠if it is allowed by the guiding ideals od the society in which it is performed, and ââ¬Å"wrongâ⬠if it forbidden by those ideals. 3. There is no objective standard that can be used to judge one societyââ¬â¢s code as better than an otherââ¬â¢s. 4. The moral code of our society has no special status. 5. We should adopt an attitude to tolerance. 8. What is the ââ¬Å"Cultural Differencesâ⬠argument for Cultural Relativism? Does Rachels think it is sound? he thinks it is unsound, 9. If Cultural Relativism is true, then some odd consequences for ethical theory follow. What are they? 10. Does Rachels hold that there are some moral rules that all societies have in common? 11. What are the three traditional divine attributes of monotheism? 12. What is the difference between ââ¬Å"theismâ⬠, ââ¬Å"atheismâ⬠, and ââ¬Å"agnosticismâ⬠? 13. What is the ââ¬Å"problem of evilâ⬠? 14. What is the Divine Command theory? 15. What is Socratesââ¬â¢s question in the Euthyphro? How does it bear on the Divine Command Theory? 16. What are some of the main elements of Natural Law Theory? 17. Raise some objections to Natural Law Theory. 18. What is Ethical Egoism and how does it differ from Psychological Egoism? 19. Define ââ¬Å"altruismâ⬠. Why does the Psychological Egoist hold that altruism is not possible? 20. Some object that Ayn Randââ¬â¢s argument for Ethical Egoism presents us with a ââ¬Å"false dichotomyâ⬠. Explain. 21. Why doesnââ¬â¢t Rachels think Ethical Egoism is a fair reflection of common sense morality? 22. What is the Principle Equal Treatment? How does it relate to Ethical Egoism? *There will be some extra-credit questions pertaining to material discussed in lecture.
Tuesday, January 7, 2020
The Differential Opportunity Systems Theory - 1388 Words
The differential opportunity systems theory mainly emphasizes on the intervening variables accounting for the specific form that deviance and crime can take. Earlier, Cloward demonstrated the way blocked illegitimate access, and opportunities would be a logical Mertonian strain theory extension. An illegitimate opportunity is regarded as being more than the chance to get away with a deviant or criminal act. It entails expressing and learning the beliefs necessary to support subculture. Such beliefs make up the main intervening variables in the strain theory by Cloward and Ohlin. The theory mostly relies on previous work that show communities vary depending on the criminal extent, and conventional values tend to be integrated. While the form assumed by the behavior relies in how well one learns the criminal belief, the casual mechanism is an injustice sense that is class-linked from anticipated or actual failure at attaining status through conventional standards. The hypothesis of this theory can be summarized to state that the disparity existing between the lower class youth lead to wants and what is available to them is the main source of problem of adjustment (Cloward, 1959) Central to the strain theory by Cloward and Ohlin are variables that are intervening that further assist in determining the specific crime form and deviance will take. Such intervening variables have not been observed in the empirical research. Probably, the most significant of these integrationShow MoreRelatedThe Strengths Of Labelling Theory And Differential Association Theory1703 Words à |à 7 PagesLabelling Theory can explain the factor of low socioeconomic status while Differential Association Theory can explain how the factor of family as reasons why some youth join gangs. This paper compares the relative strengths and weaknesses of Differential Association theory and Labelling theory and I argue that Labelling Theory offers the most compelling theoretical perspective to help account for how these factors influence youth to join gangs. I also argue that unlike the other two theories, a MarxistRead MoreDifferential Opportunity Theory Of Deviant Behavior1334 Words à |à 6 PagesDifferential Opportunity Theory Sociologists have created many theories to explain deviant behavior, how we learn it, and why we do it. The theory of anomie, differential opportunity, and general strain will be discussed throughout this paper to explain how a person is led to deviant behavior. Deviant behavior can be learned through many aspects of life however, there are many theories explain how this occurs. The anomie theory refers to the lack of normal ethical or social standards however; DurkhiemRead MoreThe Major Theories Of Criminal Behavior And The Impact Of Crime On Victims And Society1580 Words à |à 7 PagesEvaluating the Major Theories of Cause of Criminal Behaviour and the Impact of Crime on Victims and Society London Foundation campus 1. Introduction Akers Sellers (2013) noted that there are various common theories that are pertinent to the study of crime as the extents of crime explanations range from the genetic/biological through to the economic and social perspective. Howitt (2012) divided these theories into four categories: macro-level or societal theories; locality or communityRead MoreThe Distributive Justice Theory Of John Rawls1391 Words à |à 6 Pageseconomists such as John Rawls, Amartya Sen, Robert Nozick, and Milton Friedman have developed their own theories of to achieve distributive justice, or a fair allocation of resources for all members of society. In Rawlsââ¬â¢ justice as fairness and Senââ¬â¢s capability theory, the economists come closest to achieving plans of distributive justice that retain the output-promoting effects of compensating differentials and recognizing the costs of Okunââ¬â¢s leaky bucket, but a plan that retains Rawlsââ¬â¢ social contractRead MoreRobert Merton s Strain Theory12 99 Words à |à 6 PagesI have selected Robert Mertonââ¬â¢s Strain theory and Edwin Sutherlands Differential Association theory and their approach to the study of crime for my essay. Robert Merton developed the theory that people engage in deviant behaviour when they canââ¬â¢t achieve socially approved goals by legitimate means. Deviance is a result of the strain an individual feels when they cannot achieve legitimately. Merton uses ââ¬Å"The American Dreamâ⬠to illustrate strain theory. Mertonââ¬â¢s explanation is in two pieces; StructuralRead More Theories Explaining Juvenile Crime Essay examples1601 Words à |à 7 PagesTheories Explaining Juvenile Crime Many theories, at both the macro and micro level, have been proposed to explain juvenile crime. Some prominent theories include Social Disorganization theory, Differential Social Organization theory, Social Control theory, and Differential Association theory. When determining which theories are more valid, the question must be explored whether people deviate because of what they learn or from how they are controlled? Mercer L. Sullivanââ¬â¢s book, ââ¬Å"Getting Paidâ⬠Read MoreThe Impact Of Game Theory On The Domestic Level Of Analysis845 Words à |à 4 PagesWhile these two theories are not alone in the domestic level of analysis, they are the most comprehensive. The next-best level of analysis would be the systemic level. According to Copeland, the systemic level of analysis is the, ââ¬Å"external situational factors inherently outside of the executive and/or state,â⬠(Copeland Lecture). These external factors can take numerous forms, such as the distribution a nd trend of power or the perception of offense or defense dominance. The various facets of gameRead MoreThe Code Of The Streets968 Words à |à 4 Pagesunderlying philosophy relates closely to the Chicago School of Learning emphasizing social disorganization theory, even though the authorââ¬â¢s perspective borrows critical aspects of Social Learning Theories: Akerââ¬â¢s and Burgessââ¬â¢s social learning theory and Jefferyââ¬â¢s differential reinforcement theory, derived from Sutherlandââ¬â¢s differential association theory. Akerââ¬â¢s and Burgessââ¬â¢s social learning theory emphasizes the social environment a critical component to what we learn and source of reinforcement. BehaviourRead MoreIp3 Crime Causation1535 Words à |à 7 PagesThis essay will focus on sociological theories of crime and their description, the strengths and weaknesses of each; sociological control theory, strain theory, differential association theory and neutralization theory. This es say will also focus on Rajartnam who was convicted for inside trading in 2011. Introduction A different approach to criminological theory was taken in the 1960ââ¬â¢s although; it was a derivative of older theories. The labeling theory wanted to know questions about crime andRead MoreThe Theory Of Differential Association Essay1501 Words à |à 7 Pagescriminals commit crime? How to we learn to commit crime? These questions can be answered using social learning theory. Social learning approach is the assumption that all human behavior is socially learned (Thompson, Bynum 2013 115). The theory of differential association was developed by Edwin Sutherland to try and explain the development of criminal behavior. Essentially what this theory says is that deviant group behavior results from normative conflict. Normative conflict arises when multiple
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)